In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

One of the scientific problems in human sciences in the majority of non- Western societies including our society is the lack of indigenous theories based on the cultural system of the society. The lack of an indigenous theory entails some problems, the most important of which is the lack of proper understanding of psychological and sociological characteristics of people and society as well as social institutions. Why we cannot develop indigenous theories? There are various reasons, the most important of which is the use of research method. In our society, most researches are carried out by quantitative method which is meaningful in the positivist paradigm. We believe that if drawing upon existing foreign theories, a number of researches based on qualitative method could provide a deep understanding of different sectors of society including structures and functions; this would pave the way for developing theories by our researchers. The study and comparison of some scientific articles authored by Iranian and French researchers in the fields of sociology, psychology and pedagogy show that Iranian researches mostly use non-Iranian or Western theories, while their French counterparts use the theories formulated by French theoreticians. On the other hand, our researchers gather their data by using quantative method, especially standard questionnaires, while foreign researchers mostly use qualitative methods relying upon content analysis methods.

Comparative method is one of the oldest methods in the social science research. Nonetheless, its procedures are undergoing a continuing process of elaboration and sophistication. This paper initially attempts to explicate Ragin's QCA (Quantitative Comparative Analysis) method and its application in social sciences. QCA is a new method for the comparative analysis in the historical, political and sociological arenas. Finally, Cronqvist's MQCA (Multi-value Quantitative Comparative Analysis), as a more complicated version of Ragin' s QCA, will be discussed.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

Application of qualitative and participatory methods on rural development issues indicates similarities in findings with quantitative methods as well as possibilities of more in-depth data analyses. The present article has been developed on the basis of a research finding that was carried out by using appraisal method and participatory technique. This research has been conducted with the object of identifying and getting access to data in four pivotal areas in the domain of women’s studies in Garmsar region in 1999 and 2000. The research findings show the extent of the work and activity of rural women, their admirable understanding of environmental conditions and degradation factors of environment and their low participation in collective decision-making of rural society. Thus by qualitative methods it is possible to gather the necessary data on : rural women’s knowledge of their surrounding environment, their activities, methods of their participation in the process of decision making, their needs, problems and priorities.

In qualitative studies, researchers seek to discover meanings of human data by adoption of naturalistic approaches; hence, data collection methods are particularly important (1). . .